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Python多線程編程之threading模塊詳解

一、介紹

線程是什么？線程有啥用？線程和進(jìn)程的區(qū)別是什么？

線程是操作系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行運(yùn)算調(diào)度的最小單位。被包含在進(jìn)程中，是進(jìn)程中的實(shí)際運(yùn)作單位。一條線程指的是進(jìn)程中一個(gè)單一順序的控制流，一個(gè)進(jìn)程中可以并發(fā)多個(gè)線程，每條線程并行執(zhí)行不同的任務(wù)。

二、Python如何創(chuàng)建線程

2.1 方法一：

創(chuàng)建Thread對象

步驟：

1.目標(biāo)函數(shù)

2.實(shí)例化Thread對象

3.調(diào)用start()方法

import threading


# 目標(biāo)函數(shù)1
def fun1(num):
    for i in range(num):
        print('線程1: 第%d次循環(huán):' % i)


# 目標(biāo)函數(shù)2
def fun2(lst):
    for ele in lst:
        print('線程2: lst列表中元素 %d' % ele)


def main():
    num = 10
    # 實(shí)例化Thread對象
    # target參數(shù)一定為一個(gè)函數(shù)，且不帶括號
    # args參數(shù)為元組類型，參數(shù)為一個(gè)時(shí)一定要加逗號
    t1 = threading.Thread(target=fun1, args=(num,))
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=fun2, args=([1, 2, 3, 4, 5],))

    # 調(diào)用start方法
    t1.start()
    t2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

2.2 方法二：

創(chuàng)建子類繼承threading.Thread類

import threading
import os


class Person(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        self.sing(5)
        self.cook()

    @staticmethod
    def sing(num):
        for i in range(num):
            print('線程[%d]: The person sing %d song.' % (os.getpid(), i))

    @staticmethod
    def cook():
        print('線程[%d]:The person has cooked breakfast.' % os.getpid())


def main():
    p1 = Person()
    p1.start()

    p2 = Person()
    p2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

三、線程的用法

3.1 確定當(dāng)前的線程

import threading
import time
import logging


def fun1():
    print(threading.current_thread().getName(), 'starting')
    time.sleep(0.2)
    print(threading.current_thread().getName(), 'exiting')


def fun2():
    # print(threading.current_thread().getName(), 'starting')
    # time.sleep(0.3)
    # print(threading.current_thread().getName(), 'exiting')
    logging.debug('starting')
    time.sleep(0.3)
    logging.debug('exiting')


logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    format='[%(levelname)s] (%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s'
)


def main():
    t1 = threading.Thread(name='線程1', target=fun1)
    t2 = threading.Thread(name='線程2', target=fun2)
    t1.start()
    t2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

3.2 守護(hù)線程

區(qū)別

普通線程：主線程等待子線程關(guān)閉后關(guān)閉
守護(hù)線程：管你子線程關(guān)沒關(guān)，主線程到時(shí)間就關(guān)閉

守護(hù)線程如何搞

方法1：構(gòu)造線程時(shí)傳入dameon=True
方法2：調(diào)用setDaemon()方法并提供參數(shù)True

import threading
import time
import logging


def daemon():
    logging.debug('starting')
    # 添加延時(shí)，此時(shí)主線程已經(jīng)退出，exiting不會(huì)打印
    time.sleep(0.2)
    logging.debug('exiting')


def non_daemon():
    logging.debug('starting')
    logging.debug('exiting')


logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    format='[%(levelname)s] (%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s'
)


def main():
    # t1 = threading.Thread(name='線程1', target=daemon)
    # t1.setDaemon(True)
    t1 = threading.Thread(name='線程1', target=daemon, daemon=True)
    t2 = threading.Thread(name='線程2', target=non_daemon)
    t1.start()
    t2.start()

    # 等待守護(hù)線程完成工作需要調(diào)用join()方法，默認(rèn)情況join會(huì)無限阻塞，可以傳入浮點(diǎn)值，表示超時(shí)時(shí)間
    t1.join(0.2)
    t2.join(0.1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

3.3 控制資源訪問

目的：

Python線程中資源共享，如果不對資源加上互斥鎖，有可能導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)不準(zhǔn)確。

import threading
import time


g_num = 0


def fun1(num):
    global g_num
    for i in range(num):
        g_num += 1
    print('線程1 g_num = %d' % g_num)


def fun2(num):
    global g_num
    for i in range(num):
        g_num += 1
    print('線程2 g_num = %d' % g_num)


def main():
    t1 = threading.Thread(target=fun1, args=(1000000,))
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=fun1, args=(1000000,))
    t1.start()
    t2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    time.sleep(1)
    print('主線程 g_num = %d' % g_num)

互斥鎖

import threading
import time


g_num = 0
L = threading.Lock()


def fun1(num):
    global g_num
    L.acquire()
    for i in range(num):
        g_num += 1
    L.release()
    print('線程1 g_num = %d' % g_num)


def fun2(num):
    global g_num
    L.acquire()
    for i in range(num):
        g_num += 1
    L.release()
    print('線程2 g_num = %d' % g_num)


def main():
    t1 = threading.Thread(target=fun1, args=(1000000,))
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=fun1, args=(1000000,))
    t1.start()
    t2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    time.sleep(1)
    print('主線程 g_num = %d' % g_num)

互斥鎖引發(fā)的另一個(gè)問題：死鎖

死鎖產(chǎn)生的原理：

import threading
import time


g_num = 0
L1 = threading.Lock()
L2 = threading.Lock()


def fun1():
    L1.acquire(timeout=5)
    time.sleep(1)
    L2.acquire()
    print('產(chǎn)生死鎖，并不會(huì)打印信息')
    L2.release()
    L1.release()


def fun2():
    L2.acquire(timeout=5)
    time.sleep(1)
    L1.acquire()
    print('產(chǎn)生死鎖，并不會(huì)打印信息')
    L1.release()
    L2.release()


def main():
    t1 = threading.Thread(target=fun1)
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=fun2)
    t1.start()
    t2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    time.sleep(1)
    print('主線程 g_num = %d' % g_num)

如何避免產(chǎn)生死鎖：

鎖超時(shí)操作

import threading
import time


g_num = 0
L1 = threading.Lock()
L2 = threading.Lock()


def fun1():
    L1.acquire()
    time.sleep(1)
    L2.acquire(timeout=5)
    print('超時(shí)異常打印信息1')
    L2.release()
    L1.release()


def fun2():
    L2.acquire()
    time.sleep(1)
    L1.acquire(timeout=5)
    print('超時(shí)異常打印信息2')
    L1.release()
    L2.release()


def main():
    t1 = threading.Thread(target=fun1)
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=fun2)
    t1.start()
    t2.start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    time.sleep(1)
    print('主線程 g_num = %d' % g_num)

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