1、在繁忙的系統(tǒng)中,如果需要降低checkpoint發(fā)生的頻率,減少WAL日志的生成量,減輕對(duì)系統(tǒng)IO的壓力,可以通過以下兩種方法。
1) 調(diào)整WAL segment大小,最高可以調(diào)整到64MB,不過只能通過編譯來調(diào)整。對(duì)于已有系統(tǒng)不太方便;
2) 增大checkpoint_segments設(shè)置,使得checkpoint不會(huì)過于頻繁地被觸發(fā);
2、在9.5中,checkpoint_segments被廢棄,可以通過新增參數(shù)max_wal_size來調(diào)整,該參數(shù)缺省為1GB,已經(jīng)是9.4的2倍。但如果9.4中手工設(shè)置了checkpoint_segments,如本例,則以下的公式可以做為9.5設(shè)置max_wal_size的參考。
max_wal_size = (3 * checkpoint_segments) * 16MB
補(bǔ)充:PostgreSQL利用全備與WAL日志恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫
一般情況全備只能做到備份時(shí)刻的恢復(fù),在全備操作過后的數(shù)據(jù)庫信息無法同步,此時(shí)就需要利用wal日志來進(jìn)行時(shí)間點(diǎn)的恢復(fù)
使用pg_basebackup
pg_basebackup是postgresql提供的一個(gè)方便基礎(chǔ)備份的工具(9.1開始提供),這個(gè)工具會(huì)把整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)例的數(shù)據(jù)都拷貝出來,而不只是把實(shí)例中的部分(如某個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫或表)單獨(dú)備份出來,該工具使用replication協(xié)議連接到數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)例上,所以主數(shù)據(jù)庫中的pg_hba.conf必須允許replication連接,類似如下:
local replication postgre ident
在9.2之后支持級(jí)連復(fù)制,所以在之后的版本中,pg_basebackup也可以從另外一個(gè)standby庫上做基礎(chǔ)備份,都需注意如下幾方面:
1、備份中沒有備份歷史文件;
2、不確保所有需要的WAL文件都備份了,如果想確保,需要加命令行參數(shù) ”-x";
3、如果在備份過程中standby被提升為主庫,則備份會(huì)失??;
4、要求主庫中打開了“full_page_writes"參數(shù),WAL文件不能被類似pg_compresslog的工具去掉full_page_writes信息。
參數(shù)
-Ft F表示輸出格式,t為tar包的格示,p,默認(rèn)值,輸出為目錄。
-X fetch X表示收集wal日志的方式 fetch表示收集wal日志,stream為不收集,以備庫streaming的方式追趕主庫,none一般不使用
-h 要備份數(shù)據(jù)庫的所在的IP
-p 數(shù)據(jù)庫端口號(hào)
-P 備份進(jìn)度,以百分制顯示
-v 輸出備份信息,如上面pg_basebackup:等類似語句。
-W 輸入密碼選項(xiàng)
-D 要備份到的目錄
其他選項(xiàng) 比如-R 備份備庫時(shí)保存recover.conf文件
測試流程
將被數(shù)據(jù)文件全備
一臺(tái)是已運(yùn)行的主庫,一臺(tái)是安裝好數(shù)據(jù)庫但是沒有初始化的預(yù)恢復(fù)庫
將主庫的數(shù)據(jù)文件全備到備庫的的數(shù)據(jù)目錄中
繼續(xù)操作主庫
在表中插入幾行數(shù)據(jù),并留下時(shí)間
postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into test08 values (6666666,'asdfg'); INSERT 0 1
postgres=# select now(); now ------------------------------- 2018-07-18 15:03:28.969495+08 (1 row) postgres=#
切換wal日志
postgres=# select pg_switch_wal(); pg_switch_wal --------------- 5/EF0009D8 (1 row) postgres=#
####將wal日志歸檔到備庫
這邊是直接將日志傳過去,到備庫的/backup 目錄
在pgdata目錄里,創(chuàng)建文件
[postgres@mdw pgdata]$ cat recovery.conf recovery_target_time = ' 2018-07-18 11:00:18.526347+08 ' restore_command = 'cp /backup/pg_wal/%f %p'
啟動(dòng)恢復(fù)實(shí)例
[postgres@mdw pgdata]$ pg_ctl start waiting for server to start....2018-07-18 15:07:52.420 CST [3353] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432 2018-07-18 15:07:52.420 CST [3353] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432 2018-07-18 15:07:52.426 CST [3353] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432" 2018-07-18 15:07:52.468 CST [3354] LOG: database system was interrupted; last known up at 2018-07-18 15:00:09 CST 2018-07-18 15:07:52.950 CST [3354] LOG: starting point-in-time recovery to 2018-07-18 15:03:28.969495+08 2018-07-18 15:07:52.987 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000F8" from archive 2018-07-18 15:07:53.247 CST [3354] LOG: redo starts at 5/F8000028 2018-07-18 15:07:53.308 CST [3354] LOG: consistent recovery state reached at 5/F8000B08 2018-07-18 15:07:53.308 CST [3353] LOG: database system is ready to accept read only connections done server started [postgres@mdw pgdata]$ 2018-07-18 15:07:53.343 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000F9" from archive 2018-07-18 15:07:53.626 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000FA" from archive 2018-07-18 15:07:54.192 CST [3354] LOG: invalid record length at 5/FA000140: wanted 24, got 0 2018-07-18 15:07:54.192 CST [3354] LOG: redo done at 5/FA000108 2018-07-18 15:07:54.192 CST [3354] LOG: last completed transaction was at log time 2018-07-18 15:03:20.200594+08 2018-07-18 15:07:54.397 CST [3354] LOG: restored log file "0000000100000005000000FA" from archive cp: cannot stat `/backup/pg_wal/00000002.history': No such file or directory 2018-07-18 15:07:54.633 CST [3354] LOG: selected new timeline ID: 2 cp: cannot stat `/backup/pg_wal/00000001.history': No such file or directory 2018-07-18 15:07:55.160 CST [3354] LOG: archive recovery complete 2018-07-18 15:07:55.263 CST [3353] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections
查看恢復(fù)情況
發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)將之后的操作在備庫上進(jìn)行恢復(fù)了
postgres=# select * from test08 where id=6666666; id | n ---------+------- 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg 6666666 | asdfg (6 rows)
以上為個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn),希望能給大家一個(gè)參考,也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。如有錯(cuò)誤或未考慮完全的地方,望不吝賜教。
標(biāo)簽:烏海 珠海 衡陽 錦州 蚌埠 株洲 晉城 來賓
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